This Stirrup Pump with gauge is perfect for schools and teams to inflate numerous ball efficiently – but is also a great aid in the classroom.

Scientific Sue uses this pump for her Cloud in a Bottle Demonstration and her water rocket demonstrations.

Features an air pressure tank. spring clip valve lock, reinforced air hose and a fold down footplate.

• Quick and easy to use
• Standard size needle ( included)

In the Cloud in a Bottle demonstration, the students directly observe a cloud from right before their eyes – and when the bottle is connected back to the pump and the air pressure is increased they will see the cloud disappear!

Cloud formation is part of the water cycle, but one we usually cannot see up close.

A cloud is a large collection of very tiny water droplets or ice crystals. The droplets are so small and light that they can float in the air. When warm air rises carrying with it evaporated water, it expands and cools. Cool air cannot hold as much water vapour as warm air, so some of the vapour condenses onto tiny pieces of dust that are floating in the air and forms a tiny droplet around each dust particle. When billions of these droplets come together they become a visible cloud.

This demonstration shows how water in the atmosphere can be made visible by changes in pressure and temperature.

Objectives

• Describe and illustrate the water cycle and associate parts of the cycle with weather conditions.
• Observe and describe changes to the properties of water when it is heated or cooled and associate these changes with weather conditions.

Materials

• Clean 2 L plastic bottle
• Cork with inflating needle 
• Stirrup or bicycle pump
• rubbing alcohol
• Safety Goggles

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When the bottle is pressurised by pumping air into it, the air molecules collide with each other and warm the bottle and its contents. Releasing the pressure causes the water vapour to condense quickly, forming a cloud.

What’s in the kit?

• Cork stopper with inflation needle
• 70% Rubbing Alcohol

What you need:

• 1-2 L, PET bottle
• Stirrup pump
• Safety Glasses

Secrets for Success

• Using the atomiser bottle pump 5 squirts of rubbing alcohol into your PET bottle (label removed).
• Push in the cork stopper – the further it is pushed in the more air will be needed to be pumped in to build up a high enough pressure to push it out.
• Attach the pump to the inflation needle.
• Hold the bottle with the cork facing away from you. Make sure you have a clear space of at least 1 m in front of you – the cork will leave the bottle at a very high speed.
• Get your volunteer to stand beside you with one foot on the stirrup pump base. They then have to pull the handle to its maximum height and then push down as fast as they can until the bottle and cork separate.
• You will end up with a fantastic cloud in the bottle.

Science in a Nutshell

In this experiment we are mimicking the part of the Earth’s water cycle in which evaporated water (water vapour) cools and condenses, forming cloud as they connect with dust. In this demonstration the alcohol acts as the dust, providing something cool for water droplets to attach to.

When the bottle is pressurised by pumping air into it, the air molecules collide with each other and warm the bottle and its contents. Releasing the pressure causes the water vapour to condense quickly, forming a cloud.

Bonus: Reverse the experiment!

Before the cloud disappears, put the cork back in and pump a couple more times. The cloud will disappear as quickly as it came. Release the pressure, and the cloud will form again.

How do real clouds form?

Clouds require three things to form:

• Water molecules
• Cloud condensation nuclei – dust or air pollution
• Temperature or pressure changes

Water molecules are in the air all around us, even though we can’t normally see them. Normally, these water molecules bounce around.

Real clouds form when warm air rises in the atmosphere and cools down. Cloud condensation nuclei, such as small particles of dust and pollution, enable water molecules to stick together and stop bouncing around. The water molecules condense around the nuclei to form clouds. Clouds are just groups of tiny water droplets that stick together around cloud condensation nuclei when temperatures are low.

High- and low-pressure systems cause day-to-day changes in our weather.

Ascending and descending air

Areas of high and low pressure are caused by ascending and descending air. As air warms it ascends, leading to low pressure at the surface. As air cools it descends, leading to high pressure at the surface.

In general, low pressure leads to unsettled weather conditions and high pressure leads to settled weather conditions.

Anticyclone (high pressure)

In an anticyclone (high pressure) the winds tend to be light and blow in a clockwise direction (in the northern hemisphere). Also, the air is descending, which reduces the formation of cloud and leads to light winds and settled weather conditions.

Depression (low pressure)

In a depression (low pressure), air is rising and blows in an anticlockwise direction around the low (in the northern hemisphere). As it rises and cools, water vapour condenses to form clouds and perhaps precipitation. This is why the weather in a depression is often unsettled, there are usually weather fronts associated with depressions.

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What’s in the kit

Balloon Pulley System

• 4 doughnut balloons
• 6 long double-sided stickers
• 10 modelling balloons
• 4 small (5″) balloons
• 10 Water balloons
• 10 Small double-side stickers
• Small water pistol

What you need:

Example of show tray for the virtual experience

• Balloon pump
• Air zooka**
• Safety glasses
• Permanent pen
• 2 x trays for the water balloon parcels
• 6 paper/plastic cups

Secrets for Success

• Blow up the 4 doughnut balloons – These will make the two pulleys. The two balloons of the same colour are joined together by the double-sided stickers (3 stickers per set. Have spare sticky dots, stickers to hand).
• Blow up the four 5” balloons to a size that the children will be able to hold comfortably.
• Tie two of the model balloons to two of the 5” balloons. Thread the model balloons down the middle of the pair of doughnut balloons. If the model balloon isn’t long enough, add another – this one has to be removed before you tie the other 5” balloons to the model balloons to complete the 2 pulley units.
• When the small balloons are pulled apart the doughnut ‘pulley’ should spin on the stretched (uninflated) model balloon, when you give a downward tap.
• Depending on the size of your room, inflate 6 or 8 modelling balloons and join them together to form a loop – this will be the rope that goes over the 2 ‘pulleys’.
• Inflate 6 of the water balloons.
• You may want to write on each of them: food, water, medicine, etc.
• Put one small sticky tab on the bottom of the balloons – make sure the protective cover is removed on both ends of the tab – otherwise the balloons won’t stick to the balloon rope.
• To prevent them from sticking together and blowing away put them into the 6 paper cups – if the workshop option was purchased used the cups provided.

You will be guided on how to construct the pulley system by me in the video.

Fill your water pistol – if the one in the box isn’t big enough by all means add your own!

In the video I suggest that you the teacher use the water pistol, you will be the rain in the storm.

If you have an airzooka I will also guide you to choose a 5^th volunteer who will be the wind in the storm. Have them stand between 1-2 m away from the other volunteers. Guidance must be given not to release air into anyone’s eyes – safety googles are recommended.

Science in a Nutshell

A pulley is simply a collection of one or more wheels over which you loop a rope to make it easier to lift and/or move things.

ONE PULLEY SYSTEM

Pulleys are examples of what scientists call simple machine. That doesn’t mean they’re packed with engines and gears; it just means they help to make work easier for us and can even help us multiply forces. If you want to lift a really heavy weight, there is only so much force ore muscles can supply, even if you are extremely strong. However, by using a simple machine such as a pulley you can change the direction of the pulling force (and use gravity to help with the lift) and with increasing numbers of pulley wheels can effectively multiply the force your produces.

The more wheels you have, and the more times your loop the rope around them, the more you can lift.

One Wheel

If you have a single wheel and a rope, a pulley helps you reverse the direction of your lifting force.

So, as in the picture below, you pull the rope down to lift the weight up. If you want to lift something that weighs 100kg, you have to pull down with a force equivalent to 100kg, which is 1000N (newtons). If you want to raise the weight 1m into the air, you have to pull the loose end of the rope a total distance of 1m at the other end.

Two Wheels

Now if you add more wheels, and loop the rope around them, you can reduce the effort you need to lift the weight. Suppose you have two wheels and a rope looped around them, as

TWO WHEEL PULLEY SYSTEM

in the figure below. The 100kg mass (1000 newton weight) is now effectively supported by two sections of the same rope (the two strands on the left) instead of just one (ignoring the loose end of the rope you’re pulling with), and this means you can lift it by pulling with a force of just 500 newtons—half as much! That’s why we say a pulley with two wheels, and the rope wrapped around it this way, gives a mechanical advantage (ME) of two.

Mechanical advantage is a measurement of how much a simple-machine multiples a force. The bigger the mechanical advantage, the less force you need, but the greater the distance you have to use that force. The weight rises 1m, but now we have to pull the loose end of the rope twice as far (2m). How come? To make the weight rise 1m, you have to make the two sections of rope supporting it rise by 1m each. To do that, you have to pull the loose end of the rope 2m. Notice that we can also figure out the mechanical advantage by dividing the distance we have to pull the rope by the distance the weight moves.

A block and tackle is a cable system primarily found on cranes and boats that involves two pulleys and a cable or rope. The mechanism consists of one fixed pulley and one movable, usually hanging, pulley. A single rope is fixed to on or near the carriage of the fixed pulley, loops down and around the movable pulley, then back up and around the fixed pulley. A hook is attached to the underside of the movable pulley, and by tugging on the rope, the hook will lift or lower.

BLOCK AND TACKLE

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• Suitable for indoor and outdoor fun
• The Air Zooka operates by pulling and releasing the built-in elastic launcher
• The column of air can travel over 4 m!
• Use it to knock down paper cups
• Or remove Grandad’s toupee

The Air Zooka is a wind tunnel in miniature, trapping air in its conical rear quadrant and firing it forward with elastic speed for maximum disruption.

Ruffle someone’s hair or cloths, push papers off tables, spook someone as the turn the corner – the possibilities are endless.

Paired with a smoke machine, this air cannon will fire beautiful smoke rings!

The proper name for this concept is the vortex generator, because the rings that are being shot out of the Air Zooka are actually flat vortices of air.

How the air moves when leaving the Air Zooka

The circle shape is created because the air in the centre of the air zoom is exiting faster than the air around the rim of the air zooka – hence this toy can be used to illuminate Bernoulli’s principle which states: The faster the flow of air becomes, the lower the pressure air becomes.

Safety: Never fire the Air Zooka in anyone’s face (people or animals)

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